Facebook App

For this search I used the Facebook App. 

On the Facebook app I typed in ADHD in children into the search bar. I found an article from the Washington Post titled Could some ADHD be a type of sleep disorder? That would fundamentally change how we treat it.

This article discusses the commonality of ADHD symptoms and symptom of people with sleep issues. "Sleep problems fall into three categories: insufficient sleep, insomnia and disordered breathing. All are common among young children. Some studies estimate that their prevalence might be as high as 20 to 40 percent in young children" (Cha). Cha also quotes a study done by Karen Bonuck in 2012 where she found that children who have apnea, mouth breathing, and snoring were 40 to 100% more likely to have symptoms resembling ADHD by age 7 than their peers without those issues. Cha also stated that other studies have shown that "75 percent of people with ADHD have sleep disturbances and that the less sleep they get the more severe the symptoms".

I also entered in the search terms ADHD (children) but received a lot of the same results as with my first search. When I entered in the terms Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in children the results that came back were some of the same and some were not results that were on the topic of ADHD such as the result shown below.

When searching the facebook app I was able to select what types of results I was looking at and that made it easier for me because I was only looking for posts not people or groups. Facebook also has an easy to follow interface. It was simply to figure out and to toggle between different types of results as well as filter by who posted it, whether its all posts or just posts you have seen, what group it was posted in, what location was tagged, as well as the year it was posted. 

Cha, Ariana Eunjung. “Could Some ADHD Be a Type of Sleep Disorder? That Would Fundamentally Change How We Treat It.” The Washington Post, WP Company, 20 Sept. 2017, www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2017/09/22/could-adhd-be-a-type-of-sleep-disorder-that-would-fundamentally-change-how-we-treat-it/?fbclid=IwAR0LoYOMTKVqOn1I8eUQGFSsSiI1KmSSD1ULpkzUN9HuSAvMmncO6M4DVA4&noredirect=on&utm_term=.614514db63e7.

Statista

When searching Statista I was looking for statistics on ADHD in adolescents. 

I started this search using simple language and typing in 'ADHD' and a drop down pulled up with the terms Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. I decided to first continue with my original search of ADHD. I received 56 results all of them being statistics and most of them being on adolescents. I then went back and tried the terms attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and received only 26 results. 

I went back to my original search since I had more results. I then tried the limiter of United States and received 28 results. I also tried changing the publication date but did not like that I couldn't select a range of dates. I took off all limiters before continuing. 

I first picked the statistic titled Percentage of children in the U.S. who had attention deficit hyperactivity disorder as of 2016, by age. 

GENDER

However, I was also curious to see some other statistics so I also looked at the Percentage of children in the U.S. who had attention deficit hyperactivity disorder as of 2016, by gender, ethnicity, and region. 

ETHNICITY

REGION

As of 2016 more male children were diagnosed with ADHD, as well as more children aged 12 to 17, more were African American children and the region with the most diagnosis was the Midwest. 

I was not surprised that the majority if diagnosis belonged to the teen age group due to many doctors/parents waiting till students grew out of the natural hyperactivity that all children have. 

This search was fairly simple as statista is set up for natural language searching and the website has a clean set up. I was able to quickly find what I needed that was on my topic. It was also easy to navigate between the different statistics. 

CDC, and NCHS. "Percentage of Children in the U.S. who had Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder as of 2016." Www-Statista-Com.ezp.twu.edu, Feb. 2018, www-statista-com.ezp.twu.edu/.

LexisNexis

Searching LexisNexis I first used Natural language by searching the terms ADHD and Children.

Natural Language:

I received 991 results.  The 6th result caught my eye.



After clicking on this result and looking over it I noticed that at the bottom of the page it gives the option to search titles that have similar topics.
 

I selected learning disabilities and added that to my search terms and received 747 results.

Result 45 was another that caught my eye. This result is about misdiagnosis in children in Canada.

 

I decided to use the similar topics search again by selecting prescription drugs and narrowed my search to 188 results. Of the 188 results I found result number 74 to be the best.



This result was an article from a British paper. The article describes the misdiagnosis of ADHD in young children due to immaturity. The article also states that the prescription of Ritalin to treat ADHD has increased to 922,000 times per year. Ritalin contains severe side effects such as liver toxicity, weight loss, and suicidal thoughts among others. The article emphasis' the importance of rigorous assessment and diagnosis in order to be assured that the child truly suffers from ADHD.


Controlled Language:

I started by selecting the advanced search option and then selected look up terms. I chose the terms Attention deficit disorder and Adolescents and added them to my search. These terms brought back a large amount of results and gave me the following message.



On the list of results I picked number 50.



This article from Ireland expresses a concern over the amount of children that have been diagnosed with ADHD and are being medicated. The article is short so I decided to use the topics search at the bottom and selected children health.

This brought back only 140 results. Result number 130 was the one I decided on. 

This article is from Australia and it states that the number of young children taking some form of ADHD medication has more that quadrupled from 2007 to 2013. This they believe is due to pediatricians overprescribing. Dr. Jureidini believes that these drugs do more harm than good and cause issues with sleep, growth, and even possibly cardiac problems. Dr. Jureidini says that money could be better spent on other things that could have a better and safer impact on children with ADHD.

Shepherd, Tony. “Surge in Kids on ADHD Drugs.” Www-Lexisnexis-Com.ezp.twu.edu, 2015, www-lexisnexis-com.ezp.twu.edu/lnacui2api/api/version1/getDocCui?lni=5F40-J3S1-JD3N-51NB&csi=270944%2C270077%2C11059%2C8411&hl=t&hv=t&hnsd=f&hns=t&hgn=t&oc=00240&perma=true.

For this particular database I found that using natural language gave me better results for this topic. 

When using natural language LexisNexis brought back less results and all of the articles seemed to be 

on my topic even when I used the topic search. When using controlled language I received an 

unmanageable amount of results, so much that LexisNexis narrowed my results down to 1,000 at a 

time. I also noticed that not all of the articles that I clicked on gave me the option to narrow by topic 

search. When I used the topic search I ended up with a lot of results that weren't on the topic of 

ADHD. 

WorldCat

For World Cat I used the Advanced Search Option and decided to ONLY search for the term Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. I used the Boolean OR to separate my different forms of the term. I entered in both controlled and natural language terms. My search terms were Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder OR ADHD OR Hyperkinetic Disorder (old term for ADHD). I also limited my search to English results within the time frame of 2010-2018. 

My search retrieved 1,397 total result but I am looking for mainly articles for my search and I noticed that in the top bar they have an option to limit to a specific type of result.
 
I look to where it says Articles and notice that out of the 1,397 results only 241 of them are articles so I click on it.
 
This gives me a more reasonable amount of results to search through and by putting in my specific facet all 241 of these results should contain information about Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in some context.


Looking through the results I found one that interested my right away. Result number 51 titled Cognitive Training for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis for clinical and neuropsychological outcomes from randomized controlled trials. 



Using WorldCat and boolean operator OR helped to narrow my search down greatly. I also found that their limiters at the top of the page that let me select what type of results I was looking for (Articles) helped to narrow even further and also made it easier to find what I needed due to only seeing article results instead of having to sift through over a thousand results that contained other document types.

In the end I found a great article that covered my topic exactly (ADHD, therapy, children) and it didn't take a long time.

Searching PubMed using Successive Fractions

PubMed

"PubMed Health provides information for consumers and clinicians on prevention and treatment of diseases and conditions.

PubMed Health specializes in reviews of clinical effectiveness research, with easy-to-read summaries for consumers as well as full technical reports. Clinical effectiveness research finds answers to the question “What works?” in medical and health care.

PubMed Health is a service provided by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM)." (About). 

Successive Fractions

A successive fraction search is when you Search a term to note the amount of results and continue the process by adding on one term at a time. 

Controlled Language

Once on the home page of the PubMed Database I clicked on where it said Advanced under the search bar. 

                

  Once on the advanced search page I clicked on the dropdown at the top that said 'more resources'.

 

       Next I selected MeSH Database. The MeSH database is similar to a thesaurus in that you can search terms that you would like to use and it will tell you the term that you need to use to bring back more accurate results.

 

        Once in the MeSH database I used the top search bar and entered in ADHD and got the following result.

 

        MeSH gave me the search term Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity. They also list terms that you could combine with ADHD such as therapy and history. If you wanted to choose these terms then you would click in the box provided and then in the right hand corner click the button that says 'add to search builder' then select search PubMed and it will bring back all results fitting those terms. 

          But for this search I wanted to give specific number amounts of results found for ADHD as the terms were added one at a time. 

        I did both searches as controlled language. The first I simply just typed in the MeSH term myself and added to it as I went and the second I used the mesh search generator shown in the picture below.

 

            Search 1:

         Using the search bar I typed in Attention Deficit Disorder With Hyperactivity and received 33040 results.

 

I then added AND prevention and control and received 768 results.    

             And finally I added AND children and received 578 results which is a big change from the first search but still a lot of results to sort through. 

               Search 2: 

            I navigated back to the MeSH database and typed into the search bar ADHD. When it brought up my team Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity I selected the box that said 'Restrict to MeSH Major Topic' and clicked the button 'Add to search builder' then clicked 'search PubMed'. 

          I ended up receiving 21081 results which is a difference of 11,959 less results compared to when I just simply typed in the term myself in the first search. 

I then went back to MeSH and typed in ADHD again but this time I selected the subheading term prevention and control and the selected 'add to search builder' then 'search PubMed'. With these terms I received 144 result making a difference of 624 less results than my first search. 

 

        And finally I repeated the above steps and after adding Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity and prevention and control to my search builder I searched in the MeSH search bar the term children. MeSH return the result of Child so I added that term to my search builder and clicked search PubMed.

 

       I received 98 results making a difference of 480 results from the first search. I am happy with the number so now I can look through the results and find ones that I would like to use. 

        I found two that seemed to match all of my search terms and also looked as if they would be something that is useful to me. 

1. 

2. 

        Result 1 is a study that compares the effects of physical activity before school and sedentary classroom interventions on symptoms, behavior, mood, and peer functioning of children around the age of 6 that are at risk for ADHD. 

               Result 2 is a study that examines if family based preventive intervention for an inner city child that is entering first grade could effect the development of ADHD. 

            Both results cover my topic however, result 1 leans towards more of the control side and result 2 is more preventative. I would most likely use both of these results but I believe that the best result is result 1. 

"        Lifestyle changes with the potential to successfully manage ADHD over the long term, beginning at an early age and continuing across the life span, may be critically important to positive outcomes for individuals with the disorder" (Hoza 1). This article shows that the effects of ADHD can be managed or controlled by physical activity. The article also suggests that early intervention can delay or prevent the onset of ADHD. 

Searching PubMed with the two different style I found that using the MeSH database to target specific terms greatly effects the amount of results that you receive. I think that for future searches on PubMed I will definitely use the MeSH database to narrow my search and to have results that contain all of my search terms in the correct manner. 

Resources

About PubMed Health - National Library of Medicine - PubMed Health. (n.d.). Retrieved September 29, 2018, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/about/

Hoza, Betsy, et al. "A Randomized Trial Examining the Effects of Aerobic Physical Activity on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in Young Children." Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports,. U.S. National Library of Medicine, May 2015, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4826563/.